The CreateProcess function creates a new process and its primary thread. The new process executes the specified executable file.
BOOL CreateProcess(
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LPCTSTR lpApplicationName, |
// pointer to name of executable module |
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LPTSTR lpCommandLine, |
// pointer to command line string |
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LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES lpProcessAttributes, |
// pointer to process security attributes |
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LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES lpThreadAttributes, |
// pointer to thread security attributes |
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BOOL bInheritHandles, |
// handle inheritance flag |
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DWORD dwCreationFlags, |
// creation flags |
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LPVOID lpEnvironment, |
// pointer to new environment block |
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LPCTSTR lpCurrentDirectory, |
// pointer to current directory name |
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LPSTARTUPINFO lpStartupInfo, |
// pointer to STARTUPINFO |
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LPPROCESS_INFORMATION lpProcessInformation |
// pointer to PROCESS_INFORMATION |
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); |
The string can specify the full path and filename of the module to execute.
The string can specify a partial name. In that case, the function uses the current drive and current directory to complete the specification.
The lpApplicationName parameter can be NULL. In that case, the module name must be the first white space-delimited token in the lpCommandLine string.
The specified module can be a Win32-based application. It can be some other type of module (for example, MS-DOS or OS/2) if the appropriate subsystem is available on the local computer.
Windows NT: If the executable module is a 16-bit application, lpApplicationName
should be NULL, and the string pointed to by lpCommandLine should
specify the executable module. A 16-bit application is one that executes as a
VDM or WOW process.
The lpCommandLine parameter can be NULL. In that case, the function uses the string pointed to by lpApplicationName as the command line.
If both lpApplicationName and lpCommandLine are non-NULL, *lpApplicationName specifies the module to execute, and *lpCommandLine specifies the command line. The new process can use GetCommandLine to retrieve the entire command line. C runtime processes can use the argc and argv arguments.
If lpApplicationName is NULL, the first white space-delimited token of the command line specifies the module name. If the filename does not contain an extension, .EXE is assumed. If the filename ends in a period (.) with no extension, or the filename contains a path, .EXE is not appended. If the filename does not contain a directory path, Windows searches for the executable file in the following sequence:
Windows NT: The 32-bit Windows system directory. Use the GetSystemDirectory function to get the path of this directory. The name of this directory is SYSTEM32.
If the process to be created is an MS-DOS - based or Windows-based
application, lpCommandLine should be a full command line in which the
first element is the application name. Because this also works well for
Win32-based applications, it is the most robust way to set lpCommandLine.
Windows NT: The lpSecurityDescriptor member of the structure specifies a security descriptor for the new process. If lpProcessAttributes is NULL, the process gets a default security descriptor.
Windows 95: The lpSecurityDescriptor member of the structure is
ignored.
Windows NT: The lpSecurityDescriptor member of the structure specifies a security descriptor for the main thread. If lpThreadAttributes is NULL, the thread gets a default security descriptor.
Windows 95: The lpSecurityDescriptor member of the structure is
ignored.
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Value |
Meaning |
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CREATE_DEFAULT_ERROR_MODE | |
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The new process does not inherit the error mode of the calling process. Instead, CreateProcess gives the new process the current default error mode. An application sets the current default error mode by calling SetErrorMode. This flag is particularly useful for multi-threaded shell applications that run with hard errors disabled. The default behavior for CreateProcess is for the new process to inherit the error mode of the caller. Setting this flag changes that default behavior. | |
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CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE | |
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The new process has a new console, instead of inheriting the parent’s console. This flag cannot be used with the DETACHED_PROCESS flag. | |
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CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUP | |
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The new process is the root process of a new process group. The process group includes all processes that are descendants of this root process. The process identifier of the new process group is the same as the process identifier, which is returned in the lpProcessInformation parameter. Process groups are used by the GenerateConsoleCtrlEvent function to enable sending a CTRL+C or CTRL+BREAK signal to a group of console processes. | |
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CREATE_SEPARATE_WOW_VDM | |
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Windows NT only: This flag is valid only when starting a 16-bit Windows-based application. If set, the new process is run in a private Virtual DOS Machine (VDM). By default, all 16-bit Windows-based applications are run as threads in a single, shared VDM. The advantage of running separately is that a crash only kills the single VDM; any other programs running in distinct VDMs continue to function normally. Also, 16-bit Windows-based applications that are run in separate VDMs have separate input queues. That means that if one application hangs momentarily, applications in separate VDMs continue to receive input. | |
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CREATE_SHARED_WOW_VDM | |
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Windows NT only: The flag is valid only when starting a 16-bit Windows-based application. If the DefaultSeparateVDM switch in the Windows section of WIN.INI is TRUE, this flag causes the CreateProcess function to override the switch and run the new process in the shared Virtual DOS Machine. | |
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CREATE_SUSPENDED | |
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The primary thread of the new process is created in a suspended state, and does not run until the ResumeThread function is called. | |
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CREATE_UNICODE_ENVIRONMENT | |
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If set, the environment block pointed to by lpEnvironment uses Unicode characters. If clear, the environment block uses ANSI characters. | |
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DEBUG_PROCESS | |
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If this flag is set, the calling process is treated as a debugger, and the new process is a process being debugged. The system notifies the debugger of all debug events that occur in the process being debugged. If you create a process with this flag set, only the calling thread (the thread that called CreateProcess) can call the WaitForDebugEvent function. | |
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DEBUG_ONLY_THIS_PROCESS | |
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If not set and the calling process is being debugged, the new process becomes another process being debugged by the calling process’s debugger. If the calling process is not a process being debugged, no debugging-related actions occur. | |
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DETACHED_PROCESS | |
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For console processes, the new process does not have access to the console of the parent process. The new process can call the AllocConsole function at a later time to create a new console. This flag cannot be used with the CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE flag. |
The dwCreationFlags parameter also controls the new process’s priority class, which is used in determining the scheduling priorities of the process’s threads. If none of the following priority class flags is specified, the priority class defaults to NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS unless the priority class of the creating process is IDLE_PRIORITY_CLASS. In this case the default priority class of the child process is IDLE_PRIORITY_CLASS. One of the following flags can be specified:
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Priority |
Meaning |
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HIGH_PRIORITY_CLASS |
Indicates a process that performs time-critical tasks that must be executed immediately for it to run correctly. The threads of a high-priority class process preempt the threads of normal-priority or idle-priority class processes. An example is Windows Task List, which must respond quickly when called by the user, regardless of the load on the operating system. Use extreme care when using the high-priority class, because a high-priority class CPU-bound application can use nearly all available cycles. |
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IDLE_PRIORITY_CLASS |
Indicates a process whose threads run only when the system is idle and are preempted by the threads of any process running in a higher priority class. An example is a screen saver. The idle priority class is inherited by child processes. |
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NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS |
Indicates a normal process with no special scheduling needs. |
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REALTIME_PRIORITY_CLASS |
Indicates a process that has the highest possible priority. The threads of a real-time priority class process preempt the threads of all other processes, including operating system processes performing important tasks. For example, a real-time process that executes for more than a very brief interval can cause disk caches not to flush or cause the mouse to be unresponsive. |
An environment block consists of a null-terminated block of null-terminated strings. Each string is in the form:
name=value
Because the equal sign is used as a separator, it must not be used in the name of an environment variable.
If an application provides an environment block, rather than passing NULL for this parameter, the current directory information of the system drives is not automatically propagated to the new process. For a discussion of this situation and how to handle it, see the following Remarks section.
An environment block can contain Unicode or ANSI characters. If the environment block pointed to by lpEnvironment contains Unicode characters, the dwCreationFlags field’s CREATE_UNICODE_ENVIRONMENT flag will be set. If the block contains ANSI characters, that flag will be clear.
Note that an ANSI environment block is terminated by two zero bytes: one for
the last string, one more to terminate the block. A Unicode environment block
is terminated by four zero bytes: two for the last string, two more to
terminate the block.
If the function succeeds, the return value is nonzero.
If the function fails, the return value is zero. To get extended error information, call GetLastError.
The CreateProcess function is used to run a new program. The WinExec and LoadModule functions are still available, but they are implemented as calls to CreateProcess.
In addition to creating a process, CreateProcess also creates a thread object. The thread is created with an initial stack whose size is described in the image header of the specified program’s executable file. The thread begins execution at the image’s entry point.
The new process and the new thread handles are created with full access rights. For either handle, if a security descriptor is not provided, the handle can be used in any function that requires an object handle of that type. When a security descriptor is provided, an access check is performed on all subsequent uses of the handle before access is granted. If the access check denies access, the requesting process is not able to use the handle to gain access to the thread.
The process is assigned a 32-bit process identifier. The identifier is valid until the process terminates. It can be used to identify the process, or specified in the OpenProcess function to open a handle to the process. The initial thread in the process is also assigned a 32-bit thread identifier. The identifier is valid until the thread terminates and can be used to uniquely identify the thread within the system. These identifiers are returned in the PROCESS_INFORMATION structure.
When specifying an application name in the lpApplicationName or lpCommandLine strings, it doesn’t matter whether the application name includes the filename extension, with one exception: an MS-DOS - based or Windows-based application whose filename extension is .COM must include the .COM extension.
The calling thread can use the WaitForInputIdle function to wait until the new process has finished its initialization and is waiting for user input with no input pending. This can be useful for synchronization between parent and child processes, because CreateProcess returns without waiting for the new process to finish its initialization. For example, the creating process would use WaitForInputIdle before trying to find a window associated with the new process.
The preferred way to shut down a process is by using the ExitProcess function, because this function notifies all dynamic-link libraries (DLLs) attached to the process of the approaching termination. Other means of shutting down a process do not notify the attached DLLs. Note that when a thread calls ExitProcess, other threads of the process are terminated without an opportunity to execute any additional code (including the thread termination code of attached DLLs).
ExitProcess, ExitThread, CreateThread, CreateRemoteThread, and a process that is starting (as the result of a call by CreateProcess) are serialized between each other within a process. Only one of these events can happen in an address space at a time. This means the following restrictions hold:
The created process remains in the system until all threads within the process have terminated and all handles to the process and any of its threads have been closed through calls to CloseHandle. The handles for both the process and the main thread must be closed through calls to CloseHandle. If these handles are not needed, it is best to close them immediately after the process is created.
When the last thread in a process terminates, the following events occur:
If the current directory on drive C is \MSVC\MFC, there is an environment variable called =C: whose value is C:\MSVC\MFC. As noted in the previous description of lpEnvironment, such current directory information for a system’s drives does not automatically propagate to a new process when the CreateProcess function’s lpEnvironment parameter is non-NULL. An application must manually pass the current directory information to the new process. To do so, the application must explicitly create the =X environment variable strings, get them into alphabetical order (because Windows NT and Windows 95 use a sorted environment), and then put them into the environment block specified by lpEnvironment. Typically, they will go at the front of the environment block, due to the previously mentioned environment block sorting.
One way to obtain the current directory variable for a drive X is to call GetFullPathName(“X:”,. .). That avoids an application having to scan the environment block. If the full path returned is X:\, there is no need to pass that value on as environment data, since the root directory is the default current directory for drive X of a new process.
The handle returned by the CreateProcess function has PROCESS_ALL_ACCESS access to the process object.
The current directory specified by the lpcurrentDirectory parameter is the current directory for the child process. The current directory specified in item 2 under the lpCommandLine parameter is the current directory for the parent process.
Windows NT: When a process is created with CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUP specified, an implicit call to SetConsoleCtrlHandler(NULL,TRUE) is made on behalf of the new process; this means that the new process has Ctrl+C disabled. This lets good shells handle CTRL+C themselves, and selectively pass that signal on to sub-processes. Ctrl+BREAK is not disabled, and may be used to interrupt the process/process group.
AllocConsole, CloseHandle, CreateRemoteThread, CreateThread, ExitProcess, ExitThread, GenerateConsoleCtrlEvent, GetCommandLine, GetEnvironmentStrings, GetExitCodeProcess, GetFullPathName, GetStartupInfo, GetSystemDirectory, GetWindowsDirectory, LoadModule, OpenProcess, PROCESS_INFORMATION, ResumeThread, SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES, SetConsoleCtrlHandler, SetErrorMode, STARTUPINFO, TerminateProcess, WaitForInputIdle, WaitForDebugEvent, WinExec
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