This format uses the Electronic Arts Interchange File Format method for storing data in "chunks". You should read the article About Interchange File Format before proceeding.
A C-like language will be used to describe the data structures in the file. A few extra data types that are not part of standard C, but which will be used in this document, are:
| extended | 80 bit IEEE Standard 754 floating point number (Standard Apple Numeric Environment [SANE] data type Extended). This would be a 10 byte field. |
| pstring | Pascal-style string, a one-byte count followed by that many text bytes. The total number of bytes in this data type should be even. A pad byte can be added to the end of the text to accomplish this. This pad byte is not reflected in the count. |
| ID | A chunk ID (ie, 4 ASCII bytes) as described in About Interchange File Format. |
Also note that when you see an array with no size specification (e.g., char ckData[];), this indicates a variable-sized array in our C-like language. This differs from standard C arrays.
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+-----------------------+
char: | msb lsb |
+-----------------------+
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+-----------------------+-----------------------+
short: | msb byte 0 | byte 1 lsb |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+
31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
long: | msb byte 0 | byte 1 | byte 2 | byte 3 lsb |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
All applications that use FORM AIFF must be able to read the 2 required chunks and can choose to selectively ignore the optional chunks. A program that copies a FORM AIFF should copy all of the chunks in the FORM AIFF, even those it chooses not to interpret.
There are no restrictions upon the order of the chunks within a FORM AIFF.
Here is a graphical overview of an example, minimal AIFF file. It consists of a single FORM AIFF containing the 2 required chunks, a Common Chunk and a Sound Data Chunk.
__________________________ | FORM AIFF Chunk | | ckID = 'FORM' | | formType = 'AIFF' | | __________________ | | | Common Chunk | | | | ckID = 'COMM' | | | |__________________| | | __________________ | | | Sound Data Chunk | | | | ckID = 'SSND' | | | |__________________| | |__________________________|
A sample point is a value representing a sample of a sound at a given moment in time. Each sample point is stored as a linear, 2's-complement value which may be from 1 to 32 bits wide (as determined by the sampleSize field in the Common Chunk). For example, each sample point of an 8-bit waveform would be an 8-bit byte (ie, a signed char).
Because most CPU's read and write operations deal with 8-bit bytes, it was decided that a sample point should be rounded up to a size which is a multiple of 8 when stored in an AIFF. This makes the AIFF easier to read into memory. If your ADC produces a sample point from 1 to 8 bits wide, a sample point should be stored in an AIFF as an 8-bit byte (ie, signed char). If your ADC produces a sample point from 9 to 16 bits wide, a sample point should be stored in an AIFF as a 16-bit word (ie, signed short). If your ADC produces a sample point from 17 to 24 bits wide, a sample point should be stored in an AIFF as three bytes. If your ADC produces a sample point from 25 to 32 bits wide, a sample point should be stored in an AIFF as a 32-bit doubleword (ie, signed long). Etc.
Furthermore, the data bits should be left-justified, with any remaining (ie, pad) bits zeroed. For example, consider the case of a 12-bit sample point. It has 12 bits, so the sample point must be saved as a 16-bit word. Those 12 bits should be left-justified so that they become bits 4 to 15 inclusive, and bits 0 to 3 should be set to zero. Shown below is how a 12-bit sample point with a value of binary 101000010111 is stored left-justified as two bytes (ie, a 16-bit word).
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 |
|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|
<---------------------------------------------> <------------->
12 bit sample point is left justified rightmost
4 bits are
zero padded
For multichannel sounds (for example, a stereo waveform), single sample points from each channel are interleaved. For
example, assume a stereo (ie, 2 channel) waveform. Instead of storing all of the sample points for the left channel
first, and then storing all of the sample points for the right channel next, you "mix" the two channels' sample points
together. You would store the first sample point of the left channel. Next, you would store the first sample point of the
right channel. Next, you would store the second sample point of the left channel. Next, you would store the second sample
point of the right channel, and so on, alternating between storing the next sample point of each channel. This is what is
meant by interleaved data; you store the next sample point of each of the channels in turn, so that the sample points that
are meant to be "played" (ie, sent to a DAC) simultaneously are stored contiguously.
The sample points that are meant to be "played" (ie, sent to a DAC) simultaneously are collectively called a sample frame. In the example of our stereo waveform, every two sample points makes up another sample frame. This is illustrated below for that stereo example.
sample sample sample frame 0 frame 1 frame N _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ | ch1 | ch2 | ch1 | ch2 | . . . | ch1 | ch2 | |_____|_____|_____|_____| |_____|_____| _____ | | = one sample point |_____|For a monophonic waveform, a sample frame is merely a single sample point (ie, there's nothing to interleave). For multichannel waveforms, you should follow the conventions shown below for which order to store channels within the sample frame. (ie, Below, a single sample frame is displayed for each example of a multichannel waveform).
channels 1 2
_________ _________
| left | right |
stereo | | |
|_________|_________|
1 2 3
_________ _________ _________
| left | right | center |
3 channel | | | |
|_________|_________|_________|
1 2 3 4
_________ _________ _________ _________
| front | front | rear | rear |
quad | left | right | left | right |
|_________|_________|_________|_________|
1 2 3 4
_________ _________ _________ _________
| left | center | right | surround|
4 channel | | | | |
|_________|_________|_________|_________|
1 2 3 4 5 6
_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________
| left | left | center | right | right |surround |
6 channel | center | | | center | | |
|_________|_________|_________|_________|_________|_________|
The sample points within a sample frame are packed together; there are no unused bytes between them. Likewise, the sample
frames are packed together with no pad bytes.
#define CommonID 'COMM' /* chunkID for Common Chunk */
typedef struct {
ID chunkID;
long chunkSize;
short numChannels;
unsigned long numSampleFrames;
short sampleSize;
extended sampleRate;
} CommonChunk;
The ID is always COMM. The chunkSize field is the number of bytes in the chunk. This does not include the 8 bytes
used by ID and Size fields. For the Common Chunk, chunkSize should always 18 since there are no fields of variable length
(but to maintain compatibility with possible future extensions, if the chunkSize is > 18, you should always treat those
extra bytes as pad bytes).
The numChannels field contains the number of audio channels for the sound. A value of 1 means monophonic sound, 2 means stereo, 4 means four channel sound, etc. Any number of audio channels may be represented. For multichannel sounds, single sample points from each channel are interleaved. A set of interleaved sample points is called a sample frame.
The actual waveform data is stored in another chunk, the Sound Data Chunk, which will be described later.
The numSampleFrames field contains the number of sample frames. This is not necessarily the same as the number of bytes nor the number of sample points in the Sound Data Chunk (ie, it won't be unless you're dealing with a mono waveform). The total number of sample points in the file is numSampleFrames times numChannels.
The sampleSize is the number of bits in each sample point. It can be any number from 1 to 32.
The sampleRate field is the sample rate at which the sound is to be played back in sample frames per second.
One, and only one, Common Chunk is required in every FORM AIFF.
The Sound Data Chunk contains the actual sample frames (ie, all channels of waveform data).
#define SoundDataID 'SSND' /* chunk ID for Sound Data Chunk */
typedef struct {
ID chunkID;
long chunkSize;
unsigned long offset;
unsigned long blockSize;
unsigned char WaveformData[];
} SoundDataChunk;
The ID is always SSND. chunkSize is the number of bytes in the chunk, not counting the 8 bytes used by ID
and Size fields nor any possible pad byte needed to make the chunk an even size (ie, chunkSize is the number of remaining
bytes in the chunk after the chunkSize field, not counting any trailing pad byte).
You can determine how many bytes of actual waveform data there is by subtracting 8 from the chunkSize. Remember that the number of sample frames, bit resolution, and other information is gotten from the Common Chunk.
The offset field determines where the first sample frame in the WaveformData starts. The offset is in bytes. Most applications won't use offset and should set it to zero. Use for a non-zero offset is explained in "Block-Aligning Waveform Data".
The blockSize is used in conjunction with offset for block-aligning waveform data. It contains the size in bytes of the blocks that waveform data is aligned to. As with offset, most applications won't use blockSize and should set it to zero. More information on blockSize is in "Block-Aligning Waveform Data".
The WaveformData array contains the actual waveform data. The data is arranged into what are called sample frames The number of sample frames in WaveformData is determined by the numSampleFrames field in the Common Chunk. For more information, see "Sample Points and Sample Frames".
The Sound Data Chunk is required unless the numSampleFrames field in the Common Chunk is zero. One, and only one, Sound Data Chunk may appear in a FORM AIFF.
_________________ ___________________________________ _________________
|\\\\ unused \\\\\| sample frames |\\\\ unused \\\\\|
|_________________|___________________________________|_________________|
<-- offset --><- numSampleFrames sample frames ->
| blockSize | | | |
|<- bytes ->| | | |
|_________________|_________________|_________________|_________________|
block N-1 block N block N+1 block N+2
Above, the first sample frame starts at the beginning of block N. This is accomplished by skipping the first offset bytes
(ie, some stored pad bytes) of the WaveformData. Note that there may also be pad bytes stored at the end of WaveformData to pad it out so that it ends upon a block boundary.
The blockSize specifies the size in bytes of the block to which you would align the waveform data. A blockSize of 0 indicates that the waveform data does not need to be block-aligned. Applications that don't care about block alignment should set the blockSize and offset to 0 when creating AIFF files. Applications that write block-aligned waveform data should set blockSize to the appropriate block size. Applications that modify an existing AIFF file should try to preserve alignment of the waveform data, although this is not required. If an application does not preserve alignment, it should set the blockSize and offset to 0. If an application needs to realign waveform data to a different sized block, it should update blockSize and offset accordingly.
A marker structure is as follows:
typedef short MarkerId;
typedef struct {
MarkerID id;
unsigned long position;
pstring markerName;
} Marker;
The id is a number that uniquely identifies that marker within an AIFF. The id can be any positive non-zero integer, as
long as no other marker within the same FORM AIFF has the same id.
The marker's position in the WaveformData is determined by the position field. Markers conceptually fall between two sample frames. A marker that falls before the first sample frame in the waveform data is at position 0, while a marker that falls between the first and second sample frame in the waveform data is at position 1. Therefore, the units for position are sample frames, not bytes nor sample points.
Sample Frames ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ | | | | | | | | | | | | | |___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___| ^ ^ ^ position 0 position 5 position 12The markerName field is a Pascal-style text string containing the name of the mark.
Note: Some "EA IFF 85" files store strings as C-strings (text bytes followed by a null terminating character) instead of Pascal-style strings. Audio IFF uses pstrings because they are more efficiently skipped over when scanning through chunks. Using pstrings, a program can skip over a string by adding the string count to the address of the first character. C strings require that each character in the string be examined for the null terminator.
#define MarkerID 'MARK' /* chunkID for Marker Chunk */
typedef struct {
ID chunkID;
long chunkSize;
unsigned short numMarkers;
Marker Markers[];
} MarkerChunk;
The ID is always MARK. chunkSize is the number of bytes in the chunk, not counting the 8 bytes used by ID
and Size fields.
The numMarkers field is the number of marker structures in the Marker Chunk. If numMarkers is not 0, it is followed by that many marker structures, one after the other. Because all fields in a marker structure are an even number of bytes, the length of any marker will always be even. Thus, markers are packed together with no unused bytes between them. The markers need not be placed in any particular order.
The Marker Chunk is optional. No more than one Marker Chunk can appear in a FORM AIFF.
typedef struct {
short PlayMode;
MarkerId beginLoop;
MarkerId endLoop;
} Loop;
A loop is marked with two points, a begin position and an end position. There are two ways to play a loop, forward looping
and forward/backward looping. In the case of forward looping, playback begins at the beginning of the waveform, continues
past the begin position and continues to the end position, at which point playback starts again at the begin position. The
segment between the begin and end positions, called the loop segment, is played repeatedly until interrupted by some
action, such as a musician releasing a key on a musical controller.
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
sample frames | | | |<--- loop segment ---->| | | |
|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|
^ ^
begin position end position
With forward/backward looping, the loop segment is first played from the begin position to the end position, and then
played backwards from the end position to the begin position. This flip-flop pattern is repeated over and over again
until interrupted.
The playMode specifies which type of looping is to be performed:
#define NoLooping 0 #define ForwardLooping 1 #define ForwardBackwardLooping 2If NoLooping is specified, then the loop points are ignored during playback.
The beginLoop is a marker id that marks the begin position of the loop segment.
The endLoop marks the end position of a loop. The begin position must be less than the end position. If this is not the case, then the loop segment has 0 or negative length and no looping takes place.
#define InstrumentID 'INST' /*chunkID for Instruments Chunk */
typedef struct {
ID chunkID;
long chunkSize;
char baseNote;
char detune;
char lowNote;
char highNote;
char lowvelocity;
char highvelocity;
short gain;
Loop sustainLoop;
Loop releaseLoop;
} InstrumentChunk;
The ID is always INST. chunkSize should always be 20 since there are no fields of variable length.
The baseNote is the note number at which the instrument plays back the waveform data without pitch modification (ie, at the same sample rate that was used when the waveform was created). Units are MIDI note numbers, and are in the range 0 through 127. Middle C is 60.
The detune field determines how much the instrument should alter the pitch of the sound when it is played back. Units are in cents (1/100 of a semitone) and range from -50 to +50. Negative numbers mean that the pitch of the sound should be lowered, while positive numbers mean that it should be raised.
The lowNote and highNote fields specify the suggested note range on a keyboard for playback of the waveform data. The waveform data should be played if the instrument is requested to play a note between the low and high note numbers, inclusive. The base note does not have to be within this range. Units for lowNote and highNote are MIDI note values.
The lowVelocity and highVelocity fields specify the suggested range of velocities for playback of the waveform data. The waveform data should be played if the note-on velocity is between low and high velocity, inclusive. Units are MIDI velocity values, 1 (lowest velocity) through 127 (highest velocity).
The gain is the amount by which to change the gain of the sound when it is played. Units are decibels. For example, 0db means no change, 6db means double the value of each sample point (ie, every additional 6db doubles the gain), while -6db means halve the value of each sample point.
The sustainLoop field specifies a loop that is to be played when an instrument is sustaining a sound.
The releaseLoop field specifies a loop that is to be played when an instrument is in the release phase of playing back a sound. The release phase usually occurs after a key on an instrument is released.
The Instrument Chunk is optional. No more than 1 Instrument Chunk can appear in one FORM AIFF.
The primary purpose of this chunk is to store MIDI System Exclusive messages, although other types of MIDI data can be stored in the chunk as well. As more instruments come to market, they will likely have parameters that have not been included in the AIFF specification. The Sys Ex messages for these instruments may contain many parameters that are not included in the Instrument Chunk. For example, a new MIDI sampler may support more than the two loops per waveform. These loops will likely be represented in the Sys Ex message for the new sampler. This message can be stored in the MIDI Data Chunk (ie, so you have some place to store these extra loop points that may not be used by other instruments).
#define MIDIDataID 'MIDI' /* chunkID for MIDI Data Chunk */
typedef struct {
ID chunkID;
long chunkSize;
unsigned char MIDIdata[];
} MIDIDataChunk;
The ID is always MIDI. chunkSize is the number of bytes in the chunk, not counting the 8 bytes used by ID
and Size fields nor any possible pad byte needed to make the chunk an even size.
The MIDIData field contains a stream of MIDI data. There should be as many bytes as chunkSize specifies, plus perhaps a pad byte if needed.
The MIDI Data Chunk is optional. Any number of these chunks may exist in one FORM AIFF. If MIDI System Exclusive messages for several instruments are to be stored in a FORM AIFF, it is better to use one MIDI Data Chunk per instrument than one big MIDI Data Chunk for all of the instruments.
#define AudioRecording ID 'AESD' /* chunkID for Audio Recording Chunk. */
typedef struct {
ID chunkID
long chunkSize;
unsigned char AESChannelStatusData[24];
} AudioRecordingChunk;
The ID is always AESD. chunkSize should always be 24 since there are no fields of variable length.
The 24 bytes of AESCChannelStatusData are specified in the "AES Recommended Practice for Digital Audio Engineering - Serial Transmission Format for Linearly Represented Digital Audio Data", transmission of digital audio between audio devices. This information is duplicated in the Audio Recording Chunk for convenience. Of general interest would be bits 2, 3, and 4 of byte 0, which describe recording emphasis.
The Audio Recording Chunk is optional. No more than 1 Audio Recording Chunk may appear in one FORM AIFF.
#define ApplicationSpecificID 'APPL' /* chunkID for Application Specific Chunk. */
typedef struct {
ID chunkID;
long chunkSize;
char applicationSignature[4];
char data[];
} ApplicationSpecificChunk;
The ID is always APPL. chunkSize is the number of bytes in the chunk, not counting the 8 bytes used by ID
and Size fields nor any possible pad byte needed to make the chunk an even size.
The applicationSignature field is used by applications which run on platforms from Apple Computer, Inc. For the Apple II, this field should be set to 'pdos'. For the Mac, this field should be set to the application's four character signature as registered with Apple Technical Support.
The data field is the data specific to the application. The application determines how many bytes are stored here, and what their purpose are. A trailing pad byte must follow if that is needed in order to make the chunk an even size.
The Application Specific Chunk is optional. Any number of these chunks may exist in a one FORM AIFF.
typedef struct {
unsigned long timeStamp;
MarkerID marker;
unsigned short count;
char text[];
} Comment;
The timeStamp indicates when the comment was created. On the Amiga, units are the number of seconds since January 1, 1978.
On the Mac, units are the number of seconds since January 1, 1904.
A comment can be linked to a marker. This allows applications to store long descriptions of markers as a comment. If the comment is referring to a marker, then the marker field is the ID of that marker. Otherwise, marker is 0, indicating that this comment is not linked to any marker.
The count is the length of the text that makes up the comment. This is a 16-bit quantity, allowing much longer comments than would be available with a pstring. This count does not include any possible pad byte needed to make the comment an even number of bytes in length.
The text field contains the comment itself, followed by a pad byte if needed to make the text field an even number of bytes.
#define CommentID 'COMT' /* chunkID for Comments Chunk */
typedef struct {
ID chunkID;
long chunkSize;
unsigned short numComments;
char comments[];
}CommentsChunk;
The ID is always COMT. chunkSize is the number of bytes in the chunk, not counting the 8 bytes used by ID
and Size fields.
The numComments field contains the number of Comment structures in the chunk. This is followed by the Comment structures, one after the other. Comment structures are always even numbers of bytes in length, so there is no padding needed between structures.
The Comments Chunk is optional. No more than 1 Comments Chunk may appear in one FORM AIFF.
#define NameID 'NAME' /* chunkID for Name Chunk */
#define NameID 'AUTH' /* chunkID for Author Chunk */
#define NameID '(c) ' /* chunkID for Copyright Chunk */
#define NameID 'ANNO' /* chunkID for Annotation Chunk */
typedef struct {
ID chunkID;
long chunkSize;
char text[];
}TextChunk;
chunkSize is the number of bytes in the chunk, not counting the 8 bytes used by ID
and Size fields nor any possible pad byte needed to make the chunk an even size.
Common Chunk Highest Precedence
|
Sound Data Chunk
|
Marker Chunk
|
Instrument Chunk
|
Comment Chunk
|
Name Chunk
|
Author Chunk
|
Copyright Chunk
|
Annotation Chunk
|
Audio Recording Chunk
|
MIDI Data Chunk
|
Application Specific Chunk Lowest Precedence
The Common Chunk has the highest precedence, while the Application Specific Chunk has the lowest. Information in the Common
Chunk always takes precedence over conflicting information in any other chunk. The Application Specific Chunk always loses
in conflicts with other chunks. By looking at the chunk hierarchy, for example, one sees that the loop points in the
Instrument Chunk take precedence over conflicting loop points found in the MIDI Data Chunk.
It is the responsibility of applications that write data into the lower precedence chunks to make sure that the higher precedence chunks are updated accordingly (ie, so that conflicts tend not to exist).
The Apple IIGS Sampled Instrument Format also defines a chunk with ID of "INST," which is not the same as the AIFF Instrument Chunk. A good way to tell the two chunks apart in generic IFF-style readers is by the chunkSize fields. The AIFF Instrument Chunk's chunkSize field is always 20, whereas the Apple IIGS Sampled Instrument Format Instrument Chunk's chunkSize field, for structural reasons, can never be 20.
Audio IFF files may be identified in other Apple file systems as well. On a Macintosh under MFS or HFS, the FORM AIFF is stored in the data fork of a file with file type "AIFF." This is the same as the formType of the FORM AIFF.
On an operating system such as MS-DOS or UNIX, where it is customary to use a file name extension, it is recommended that Audio IFF file names use ".AIF" for the extension.
#define INTEL_CPU
#ifdef INTEL_CPU
/* *************************** FlipLong() ******************************
* Converts a long in "Big Endian" format (ie, Motorola 68000) to Intel
* reverse-byte format, or vice versa if originally in Big Endian.
********************************************************************* */
void FlipLong(unsigned char * ptr)
{
register unsigned char val;
/* Swap 1st and 4th bytes */
val = *(ptr);
*(ptr) = *(ptr+3);
*(ptr+3) = val;
/* Swap 2nd and 3rd bytes */
ptr += 1;
val = *(ptr);
*(ptr) = *(ptr+1);
*(ptr+1) = val;
}
#endif
/* ************************* FetchLong() *******************************
* Fools the compiler into fetching a long from a char array.
********************************************************************* */
unsigned long FetchLong(unsigned long * ptr)
{
return(*ptr);
}
/* ************************* ConvertFloat() *****************************
* Converts an 80 bit IEEE Standard 754 floating point number to an unsigned
* long.
********************************************************************** */
unsigned long ConvertFloat(unsigned char * buffer)
{
unsigned long mantissa;
unsigned long last = 0;
unsigned char exp;
#ifdef INTEL_CPU
FlipLong((unsigned long *)(buffer+2));
#endif
mantissa = FetchLong((unsigned long *)(buffer+2));
exp = 30 - *(buffer+1);
while (exp--)
{
last = mantissa;
mantissa >>= 1;
}
if (last & 0x00000001) mantissa++;
return(mantissa);
}
Of course, you may need a complementary routine to take a sample rate as an unsigned long, and put it into a buffer
formatted as that 80-bit floating point value.
/* ************************* StoreLong() ******************************
* Fools the compiler into storing a long into a char array.
******************************************************************** */
void StoreLong(unsigned long val, unsigned long * ptr)
{
*ptr = val;
}
/* ************************** StoreFloat() ******************************
* Converts an unsigned long to 80 bit IEEE Standard 754 floating point
* number.
********************************************************************** */
void StoreFloat(unsigned char * buffer, unsigned long value)
{
unsigned long exp;
unsigned char i;
memset(buffer, 0, 10);
exp = value;
exp >>= 1;
for (i=0; i<32; i++)
{
exp >>= 1;
if (!exp) break;
}
*(buffer+1) = i;
for (i=32; i; i--)
{
if (value & 0x80000000) break;
value <<= 1;
}
StoreLong(value, (unsigned long *)(buffer+2));
#ifdef INTEL_CPU
FlipLong((unsigned long *)(buffer+2));
#endif
}