I think by focusing on insolation, Russell has misunderstood my point. Insolation is a given, and generally not easily changed without changing location. Allen is in a fixed location, and is concerned. What matters most for a given location is the spot price into the network, the cost of extending the network, and how the price varies across the insolation curve. Here's a farm with the panels all facing west instead of solar optimum. https://goo.gl/maps/CZ71fMiRjrs Here's their spot price per megawatt by scheduled demand https://aemo.com.au/Electricity/National-Electricity-Market-NEM/Data-dashbo= ard So this farm is facing for the evening peak, and can bid into the market based on generation forecasting and cloud observations. With error bars on the forecast, they can potentially limit generation to avoid hitting over-generation penalties. https://solcast.com.au/ is a forecasting service I'm familiar with, and I've been experimenting with the data. https://solcast.com.au/utility-scale/short-term-solar-forecasting-core-busi= ness-or-distraction/ has an interesting explanation. It's about the same level of optimisation and engineering that is applied to grid scale thermal generation, but the fuel price is much lower. --=20 James Cameron http://quozl.netrek.org/ --=20 http://www.piclist.com/techref/piclist PIC/SX FAQ & list archive View/change your membership options at http://mailman.mit.edu/mailman/listinfo/piclist .