> It does not increase the storage of the filter capacitor I see how that works My first thought when I saw the circuit was "gyrator" I remember once reading in a circuit description of a graphic equaliser that the effects of small capacitors were being "multiplied" to simulate inductors, which had at one time been common in such circuits. Even in the 70's I had several schematics using quite bulky inductors in active filters. The gyrator op-amp design I did and do use is much smaller and cheaper It seems though that "gyrator" is not truly capacitance multiplication but might be confused with such in some applications http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyrator Joe ----- No virus found in this message. Checked by AVG - www.avg.com Version: 2015.0.5751 / Virus Database: 4299/9234 - Release Date: 03/05/15 --=20 http://www.piclist.com/techref/piclist PIC/SX FAQ & list archive View/change your membership options at http://mailman.mit.edu/mailman/listinfo/piclist .