> Artist fails to generate 2km column of steam. > http://m.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-22152127 I'd say he was lucky :-). I recently saw what started as a "dust devil" turn into a respectable mini-twister perhaps 100 metres + tall and only perhaps a metre or so across. At ground level it was initially a several metres across dancing whirl of leaves and dust and balloons (at a fair). It rapidly formed a tall thin twisting white-opaque column. Dust etc could not be seen at height but it sucked in loose balloons and released them high in the air. The appearance was very tornado like. (I had a (probably futile) action plan worked out ... :-) ). I don't know where these things end and urban tornados (such as we get here very very occasionally) begin. 'My' one was on a hot summers day on a grass surface in an area shielded from wind with many people present. Duration was perhaps a minute or two each (several formed sequentially). How you stop a "steam" spout becoming detached and voracious I know not. Having seen how 'my' one formed and the general conditions I suspect it would be possible to form them artificially under good conditions. Russell --=20 http://www.piclist.com/techref/piclist PIC/SX FAQ & list archive View/change your membership options at http://mailman.mit.edu/mailman/listinfo/piclist .