> I was thinking the PWM should allow Vout to be the same as Vin > (except for the MOSFET loss) when the PWM is at 100% As the duty cycle changes, does the apparent (depth of) colour ? If so, is it important ? SMPS needn't be too complicated. The MC34063 is one I use often, but Microchip, National, Linear etc have simpler SMSP controllers which need fewer components Describes step-up and step-down http://www.onsemi.com/pub_link/Collateral/MC34063A-D.PDF Fig18 is a buck-boost I use=20 http://www.intusoft.com/onsemipdfs/an920-d.pdf Very handy when the input DC can be wide-ranging. For example an SLA that could go from 11V+ to 14V and you need 12V out or being able to grab just about any wallwart (particularly if a bridge is added to the input to fix wrong polarity or AC) Add a bypass element (eg FET or power transistor stage) for more output current. Note current ratings of Q1 and Rsc. R1, R2 set Vout Joe --=20 http://www.piclist.com PIC/SX FAQ & list archive View/change your membership options at http://mailman.mit.edu/mailman/listinfo/piclist .