>> I have yet to see a description of heat pump operation that makes good >> intuitive sense. > Heat pumps are really much the same thing as refrigerators. ... I have no problem explaining how they work. It's just that there is a certain amount of "non intuitiveness" to the process that people tend to miss and/or gloss over. Explaining the N:1 gain in "efficiency" usually seems non-rigorous. I can explain eg Carnot efficiency and tell you the maximum possible efficiency of a heat engine between a source and sink or the maximum possible COP for a heat pump between two temperatures. etc. I can explain how a Stirling engine, or a Vueilleumier machine work. I can explain regenerators (which many can't). But, I am saying that the "explanations" fall short of intuitive when comparing a heat pump with eg a resistance heater. R .. --=20 http://www.piclist.com PIC/SX FAQ & list archive View/change your membership options at http://mailman.mit.edu/mailman/listinfo/piclist .