> >> I am going to heat a small > >> object to about 28C to 32C. The object is insulated and thermally > >> conductive. Ambient will vary from 0C to 20C. > Batteries don't like too low temperatures, and the target temperature > the OP wants (28 C to 32 C) is well withing the operating ranges of most > batteries, so I would suggest putting the battery in contact with the > object that needs heating (inside the thermal insulation) then he will > use every bit of heat produced. .... also, many batteries lose a substantial amount of their capacity at temperatures approaching 0 degrees C. Having the battery in the warm space, if feasible, or in a warmer than ambient space, will help performance at low ambient temperatures. _____________________ This 'requirement' suffers from the same fault that many semi-secret ones do - the trye requirement is not fully specified and it takes "death by a thousand vuts/questions" to find out what is really anted. If this is not secret, does not involve black helicopters and tinfoil hats or ... then telling us what is really wanted would greatly help the abilit to answer well. Russell --=20 http://www.piclist.com PIC/SX FAQ & list archive View/change your membership options at http://mailman.mit.edu/mailman/listinfo/piclist .