This may be obvious... I am not clear on all the ramifications .... What is the most efficient way to convert battery energy into heat ? ( I would like to get all the energy out of the battery =3D=3D> heat ) The battery will be a LION rechargeable. I can stop discharging at whateve= r voltage is the best tradeoff between lifetime for the battery and amount = of energy extracted. I am going to heat a small object to about 28C to 32C. The object is insul= ated and thermally conductive. Ambient will vary from 0C to 20C. I will have a temperature sensor for the object and I could have one for th= e ambient. When a battery discharges into a resistor, does most of the energy convert = to heat from the resistor ? I understand that a small amount will be lost = to wire resistance and the internal resistance of the battery. Thanks for any help. Gus --=20 http://www.piclist.com PIC/SX FAQ & list archive View/change your membership options at http://mailman.mit.edu/mailman/listinfo/piclist .