Gerhard Fiedler wrote: > Essentially, a certificate is something that binds a public key to an > identity (and some other information, like an expiration date and the > purpose of the cert). Wikipedia is your friend -- the "Public key > certificate" article lays out the principle.=20 >=20 > It's not exactly extracting, but generating a public key that matches > your private key. (It is easy to create a public key from a private key, > but not the other way round.) Usually the public key is used to encrypt > a message, which then can only be decrypted with the associated private > key. In case you need general info about public-key cryptography, > Wikipedia is your friend -- see "Public-key cryptography" :) >=20 > Part of the protocol is to generate a 'secret' specific to the session > on the fly. Wikipedia is your friend; the article about "Transport Layer > Security" (that's what TLS means) explains the fundamentals of the > protocol. Certificates and public-key cryptography are essential > elements of it. Thanks so much for your reply, Mr. Fiedler. That cleared it up. Just a general note though: I'm sure everyone is aware of the existence of Wikipedia and search engines and manuals and datasheets. But if everyone we= re to be forced to use those things alone, things like the PICLIST would have no purpose or place. I can assure you that I, and most other people who take t= he time to ask questions have done at least some initial reading and searching= .. But I post certain questions here because I think I can get a far better and mo= re efficient answers than sites returned by a search engine. In addition, it t= akes five minutes for me to ask a question, and five minutes for someone to post= a reply. Had I instead resorted to using the other methods only, it would hav= e taken many times the total man-hours, and with poorer results. I can assure= you, one does not need constant reminders that Wikipedia is available! - V G --=20 http://www.piclist.com PIC/SX FAQ & list archive View/change your membership options at http://mailman.mit.edu/mailman/listinfo/piclist .