The key requirement is (or seems to be) a voltage source which can oppose an applied AC voltge on one half cycle and not do so on the otherhalf cycle. It thi=3D]us actas as a "rectifier" by stopping current flow in a selected circuit during one half cycle. The series element must either pass DC with minimal loss when not opposing current flow or be short-circuit-able every second half cycle or be able to be bypassed in some manner. A diode is, nowadays, liable to be easier and cheaper in many cases. Russell --=20 http://www.piclist.com PIC/SX FAQ & list archive View/change your membership options at http://mailman.mit.edu/mailman/listinfo/piclist .