>> So, the moral of the story is that even low-power indicator LEDs will >> fail eventually when run at even 1.5x their max rated current. > So it appears they rarely fail if run at 1.0x or less of their rated > max current. That MAY be true but be VERY ware of extending specific examples to general conclusions. Chinese made LEDs are a very variable feat - agin, world class through utter junk. Most failures occurred when 6 LEDS operated in parallel with a single shared series resistor (very naughty) were fed with 6 x rated current notionally shared amongst 6 LEDS. It's easy to imagine some LEDs getting 2 x rated current in some cases with this arrangement. BUT I think I have seen short circuit LEs in a cinstant current fed series string. Russell --=20 http://www.piclist.com PIC/SX FAQ & list archive View/change your membership options at http://mailman.mit.edu/mailman/listinfo/piclist .