> This circuit has been modified at times to take a much higher input volta= ge: > http://www.romanblack.com/smps/smps.htm The "Black Converter" is cost efficient and compact but is far less regulated than 'my' 3 transistor GSR. The difference is significant in real world applications. Roman produced his circuit based on a relay driver circuit suggested by Richard Prosser in response to a long ago PICLIst design challenge where I put my design up as straw-man. If the regulation is acceptable Roman's wins out slightly over mine on price. Russell McMahon --=20 http://www.piclist.com PIC/SX FAQ & list archive View/change your membership options at http://mailman.mit.edu/mailman/listinfo/piclist .