On Sat, 18 Jun 2011 04:06 +1200, "RussellMc" wrote: > >> Could you draw a simple schematic on how this "clamp" works? I'm not r= eally > >> understanding it. >=20 > Cct ex TI datasheet > TL431 December 2005. >=20 > R1, R2 set clamp voltage. > 431 turning on turns on transistor and clamps voltage. How large have you made the R1/R1 combination and still gotten decent voltage tolerance over "room" temperature range? The input bias current is rated at 2 to 4 uA +- 0.8 to 2.5 uA over temperature range 0 - 70.=20 Lots better than a zener but maybe would drain the battery fairly quickly unless the R1/R2 pair was very high and then input bias current shift eats away at accuracy. Bob --=20 http://www.fastmail.fm - Access all of your messages and folders wherever you are --=20 http://www.piclist.com PIC/SX FAQ & list archive View/change your membership options at http://mailman.mit.edu/mailman/listinfo/piclist .