> Could you draw a simple schematic on how this "clamp" works? I'm not real= ly > understanding it. Rushing .. Look at the TL431 data sheets about how to make a high power preision zener= .. Can be a transistor and a 431 - not even an opamp. When V get's to limit 431 is programmed to turn on and this urns on a clamp transistor. Data sheets will have ap motes of this. No opamp. Per battery =3D 431, pnp, 4 resistors probably. Cheap. More in due course if needed - have a look at data sheet. =A0 =A0 =A0 Russell --=20 http://www.piclist.com PIC/SX FAQ & list archive View/change your membership options at http://mailman.mit.edu/mailman/listinfo/piclist .