It was customary to use spacers or preformed bent-lead spacing of heat sensitive components from the pcb. This prevented them from overheating in the wave soldering machine. The same spacing is and was used for parts that run hot to avoid cooking the PCB underneath. Power resistors are an example. Early Ge transistors were mounted on spacers for the same reason. Some cheap and cheesy assembly houses such as the Russian (Latvian? - then USSR) based factory which made VEF brand radios used unshortened pins on the Ge transistors which makes for an odd sight when opening one today (and a small miracle none shorted out while being=20 bumped over the years - these are portable radios!). Here's a picture of the internals http://i44.tinypic.com/zv314x.jpg . I am almost sure these were hand soldered but there is no way to tell. -- Peter --=20 http://www.piclist.com PIC/SX FAQ & list archive View/change your membership options at http://mailman.mit.edu/mailman/listinfo/piclist .