bcc: Ken wants to look at the first reference. John may > Consider a helicopter hovering in otherwise still air. We can all > agree there is a net downdraft, yes? Those that paid attention in physics class or ever stood underneath a hovering helicopter certainly should. > I don't see it as too difficult to consider the wing of a plane to be > a big linear fan blade doing essentially the same thing. Not too difficult because it is. Usually helicopter blades are described a= s rotating wings, but the reverse works too. ________ The book or web version of the book has a nice photo of an aeroplane (Cessn= a Jet) heading towards the camera & flying slightly above a cloud base. It ha= s "blown" a large slot into the cloud from its downdraft and there are nice swirly bits along the edge from the wingtip vortices. Have a look at the web subset I posted that provides a good summary of wha= t has been being talked about. Taught me things about wind turbine blades in just skimming it :-). Useful subset of book here http://bit.ly/UnderstandingFlight I found that standing as close as they would let me (=3D surprisingly close considering) under a slowly ascending harrier was a much less windy experience than I had expected. And vastly noisier. Russell > < http://www.abebooks.com/servlet/SearchResults?sts=3Dt&tn=3Dunderstanding+fl= ight&x=3D0&y=3D0 > --=20 http://www.piclist.com PIC/SX FAQ & list archive View/change your membership options at http://mailman.mit.edu/mailman/listinfo/piclist .