>> (1) what does - 32769 look like ? >=20 > Exactly like +32767 Therefore in 16 bits you couldn't differentiate the two. So then there must be more, to maintain the sign Having a play with Calculator 32767 =3D 0x7FFF, 32769 =3D 0x8001 16777216 (0x1000000) - 32769 =3D 16744447 (0xFF7FFF) 16777216 - 32770 =3D 0xFF7FFE 16777216 - 32767 =3D 0xFF8001 and 4294967296 (0x100000000) - 32769 =3D 4294934527 (0xFFFF7FFF) If that's right then the maths will have to be 24-bit, with the sign still in bit 15, but negated logic Joe --=20 http://www.piclist.com PIC/SX FAQ & list archive View/change your membership options at http://mailman.mit.edu/mailman/listinfo/piclist .