> This causes the earth's magnetic field to be further distorted, in > many cases, it will jiggle like a bowl of jelly, sometimes for days >From what I've seen, a, perhaps "the", major impulse is caused when the Earth's magnetic field snaps back to its original position. Rather like a stretching a rubber band and letting it go. The velocities of the two events are quite different. As with a dynamo or SMPS, the dv/dt determines what the effect will be. An interesting connection may be the appearance of lightning elves to balance the potential differences in the upper atmosphere Joe * * ********** Quality PIC programmers http://www.embedinc.com/products/index.htm --=20 http://www.piclist.com PIC/SX FAQ & list archive View/change your membership options at http://mailman.mit.edu/mailman/listinfo/piclist .