This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_01E7_01CAE5F9.6026BF90 Content-Type: text/plain; format=flowed; charset="iso-8859-1"; reply-type=original Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit > do you think it would draw to much current to drive an old speaker ? Ohm's Law again I'm afraid ;-) If it's an 8 ohm speaker, that's pretty much shorting the output V = I * R 5 = I * 8 I = 0.625A (625mA) Any port pin can supply only 25mA, the whole port perhaps 100mA but that's really pushing the specs. Work backwards to find the minimum speaker resistance which will (possibly) not munt the pin R = V / I R = 5 / 0.025 R = 200 ohms (that is the DC resistance, not Z, the impedance) If you want to use a speaker you should use a transistor as a current amplifier or an audio amp IC. A piezo element will be OK as a sound producer too (see attached). They have been discussed here often Google for microcontroller speaker microcontroller piezo ------=_NextPart_000_01E7_01CAE5F9.6026BF90 Content-Type: image/gif; name="piezo_drive.gif" Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="piezo_drive.gif" R0lGODlh1wCWAIAAAAAAAP///ywAAAAA1wCWAEAC/oyPqcvtD6OctNqLs948AfUZYUeW5omm3ai2 7gvHCCuL9Y3nC13z+g8DCA9CH8cYKY6KRBGNpQwxnQHpBwnM5rAQZPQ7tHC1ZKK0iral1esZ+D0Z n+TluhW9XNNnm73JXxc41+fRBOgwVcjXlHa1KAjZcPiIMxl5KaZhmbGJ6Rn3GSr6sHTYOapyxtjm lNgIwhTWlkfK6iiJ9cValXjLe4rxpLiKKggM6ZustyuJ5+w4Bv3snDQtfYwoQ8t2Z6tKDa68d23d VS5dTY7OTVmBnSVuKN81FFt//6b0u2+fH8WPb1+xgQQLGjxIZhszYggbOnznMOIPiBQoSjS4Sday /lfDbM2jpvFiiXivVNHp5C+kGx8pLYrkE8aKzJgqW7jM9jIiyok5baLrVdNcsEK0KHoh+uvbwp4o MvJkilFTJagId964SRXnUqFQffWJ2c4dLKVQYoBlKqwd1p6uPOgzUyqtwKlqO9K7ErDtjrwBk/DF i1VvQZLhtiJVZ/jctHSKyw6btPYfs7Iq8cL8SNgcYq8MNoOr5XltYlGEM2c9jTq16tXBYtllDfvI x6RgYtv+czv3IN28j7T8DVxXb51PhzcU3cz48aEMGfFwfAG58h0rNipl49FGHoXTCwM+87aaDum2 t88Dr+ak1KvdJQALLpi63/ft5T8Lv42le1Ds/uu/xkTef/41R8IpAcZXn3nOrRedfTc9JwuCswxY C4PcPGhfehpCR2GGYhXXYRAW9hAiiZxUEmCJVplYojYjitiiNvDNSCNwMbp4o0TKjCZgjlFpx99L cmHHI3WUhUcgZwp69Z1LCDpWFCzs0MXQkPsRc11YVcpDFpGaIeWWVp+BQNtG/W2ppX9n5VTaMimy 5eVgbmJWZGiJ2amenS5EhiWRkM0JZKCMeQZaY/vpCZeSmbzAoaDb1bNKmwoOqlihhH556WNF9gjE UWROalo2iDYzqqiG7kkcqIBSipillWL6aiqp0jmpj7beimuuuu7K66J+9tpVLwQCy+ZsKxF7/lxI uSAL25vMauHss51Kq1pQ1AoZbbTMaqststxeyyKV4DIK4rg2cSIhZxMyZ66HQR5L25AQfnNHt8MZ SK+GHcnVZrvuXumovpTw28gt1t6m6m5bXLumZeAZDLC40pKEHkdcNdiZFzVZa28xQJkUaJadvUiu v+KxS8rBEZss65kUgrWjwCwF965ZKnLpYJIri2lziJYVPJNM4ZrV8SgW0bgzjjGqK9uJC7cIqdCt YEwyqjeHzN2HKLs8YL2rmrI1FXFqUhmdIw/r84u1jnS2IRAL5yN9kW6aNMElpZm204+IPOI/fm+I d4eW2Fu0cSsSXbhyh3PNs7dVl5w0sIvD/lgRw4+3XDm1k0Nes+N6K905sZtbnfnEg6uscOiSJ475 s6y3vi1V6xieteoivW6MsSezXMbaFfIeSJR7ob1cXYHn3GhFBHMoHaR7ufIxdBKeazzxoEkWp37L Aw39xdYfTBmZYNbOeXbWty1924ka8dPebmGf3/rpXkaqzE+jef77zmuHJFdSV8y/6WlpZmLKl0Ly JTEr4e4T+4NT9caWIPItR1W+W5qQvraqWwmQNBis4MhKZaRTwapVTdkg2YJmvspRUHf1y9QHRegq EsKOelMqyXN4QT/vsPCFLgxhD3kYqxQ0ry7xc1/AVngoGAJRhqZyYaPARrrsucFPBqTVbQ59GEQs MrGFscJP/sSXO/VZ8YigAOGnlMjFLbJjcLMio6BGWI4YxhGO5IDXF/9FEEld8Yw/PEwWlzjHGcoJ iWNq4h/9qEYtBlKIbdThG+VYR0Mmko+HPCEcPNYPfGgSMBqEG/AOYsJPilIDBQAAOw== ------=_NextPart_000_01E7_01CAE5F9.6026BF90 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Content-Disposition: inline -- http://www.piclist.com PIC/SX FAQ & list archive View/change your membership options at http://mailman.mit.edu/mailman/listinfo/piclist ------=_NextPart_000_01E7_01CAE5F9.6026BF90--