> =A0 =A0- Can you reference any reputable source that > supports your claim? Elementary, my dear Watson, - any schoolbook on Physics, I almost sure. But, please, take it easy, "claim" is not the best word to describe my humble statement that the highest quality you company is well known for "does not allow" you to implement sub-standard technologies :-) Imagine a connector's pin is soldered to the PCB's other side single copper layer without the pin being bent. You know that every material in the world expands or contracts as its temperature changes. The expansion is expressed in ppm/=B0C or parts per million per =B0C - coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) . This expansion has a second property, called Young's Modulus, defined as how hard a material pushes when it expands. The connector's pin material may have CTE different to that of SnPb. When temperature excursions occur, due to changes in either ambient conditions or the power dissipated by the circuit, these materials will expand differently, leading to the creation of stresses. The mismatch in thermal expansion will cause shear stress between the solder and the connector's pin. After a sufficient number of thermal cycles, the stress will eventually lead to work hardening of the solder, which results in cracking of the solder joint itself. The resulting intermittent electrical conductivity is unacceptable in today's high reliability electronics applications. The shear stress between the solder and the connector's pin is roughly proportional to the thickness of the solder cone and the thickness of connector's pin. In case of perpendicular surfaces the SnPb thickness can be a few millimetres, in case of parallel surfaces it can be a few microns, that is hundreds times less. Of course, bent connector's pin (if the bending permitted) may not be flat, but still the "effective thickness" of SnPb in this case is much less compared to that in the case of non-bent pin. Best Regards. -- = http://www.piclist.com PIC/SX FAQ & list archive View/change your membership options at http://mailman.mit.edu/mailman/listinfo/piclist