> :: In prehistoric times (before computers) > Do you mean around 1975? :) Mayhaps a few decades prior, if you mean the electronic digital variety. And a good century before that for the true digital type as we would understand the term. _____ I am holding a book. One of my special treasures. "Faster than Thought A symposium on digital computing machines" Edited by B V Bowden. Frontispiece is a sketch of an Edwardian maiden (1815-1852) - one Ada Agusta. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Ada_Lovelace.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace (No relation to Linda afaik). (Actually Agusta Ada, possibly the only woman (or person?) to have a programming language named after her). Her father was a dastard (although his letters make interesting reading) and it was probably his wife's reaction to him which helped shaped Ada's brilliance and unusual career. But, I digress. But, she provides the annotations in Appendix 1! Published in London by Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. 24 contributors, all writing on aspects of digital computing - computers, memories, I/O, coms, programs, programming, ... Chapter 25 is titled "Digital computers applied to games". It discusses basic chess problem solutions and a program to play "Nim". It was written in part by Dr A M Turing. My copy of the book was disposed of by the Federal Telecommunication laboratories, IT&T, California Branch at some stage, allowing me to acquire it via A.B.E. First published in ???? Drum roll ...... 1953 ! My copy is, alas, a 1955 reprint. Ada's annotations in Appendix 1 were probably written in the 1840s, at about the time when the first substantial settlements were getting underway in New Zealand. . Russell -- http://www.piclist.com PIC/SX FAQ & list archive View/change your membership options at http://mailman.mit.edu/mailman/listinfo/piclist