> [What is the typical drive voltage for an impact > print head ?] > The printer heads that you find on dot matrix printers that use a > ribbon .... > Gus Sufficient unto the morrow is the voltage thereof. Using an oscilloscope in a specific case probably helps. BUT note that inductive devices that require rapid response are often current driven. ie the potential voltage (no pun intended) is high but the current is limited. This way you get a much more rapid current rise. This can be achieved either with as "proper" current source or more simply by using a high voltage supply and a large series resistor. "High" and "large" are relative to the given application. Inductive time constant = L/r. By using a perfect current source you get infinite R (and infinite voltage initially). By adding a series R of say 10 x the inductor's resistance and a voltage 11 x the desired final voltage you reduce time constant by ~ 10 times. Note that Richard Prosser's original 2 transistor 0relay driver which formed the basis for the "Black Regulator" effectively provided a crude but effective current source relay driver . R -- http://www.piclist.com PIC/SX FAQ & list archive View/change your membership options at http://mailman.mit.edu/mailman/listinfo/piclist