> If any current was leaking through the water, it would cause the > water to heat up with the same efficiency as the heating element That's what I thought when he asked. But he's the expert. If the element is 2000W, and only a part of the power bill, there'd have to be a lot of leakage to push the power bill up noticeably Although there really is a lot of corrosion muck around the base of the element, which I expect are non-conducting salts, so any leakage would still have to go through the water / salt ions. He's replaced the copper-sheathed element with a stainless steel one, which he reckons will last longer -- http://www.piclist.com PIC/SX FAQ & list archive View/change your membership options at http://mailman.mit.edu/mailman/listinfo/piclist