solarwind wrote: >> I don't read OT. I am surprised however as I thought he was farther >> along than this. > > The point is - there is no "further" - you just learn different things > at different points. Something may not be "further" than something > else. I'm assuming this is in reference to the part of my statement I quoted above. Some facts about a subject are more fundamental than others in that new facts can't be understood without first understanding the fundamental ones. Explainations of new facts will often be based on these fundamentals and therefore can't be understood without them. Ohm's law is one of these fundamentals in electronics. Think of it as the F=mA of electronics. So is Kirkchoff's (sp?) current law, although that one is more of a formal codification of something that is intuitive for most people anyway. The point is not to just memorize them, but to really understand what they mean. Fortunately these basic rules of electronics and a few others, like the voltage change on a capacitor as a function of current, capacitance and time, or the current change thru a inductor as a function of voltage, inductance, and time, are very simple to express and grasp the math. Truly understanding them (feel the force, Luke) may take a little more, but isn't hard either. Just like you can't get far in physics without F=mA, you can't get much into electronics without these fundamental rules. If you want to continue with electronics, you really need to sit down and understand them. ******************************************************************** Embed Inc, Littleton Massachusetts, http://www.embedinc.com/products (978) 742-9014. Gold level PIC consultants since 2000. -- http://www.piclist.com PIC/SX FAQ & list archive View/change your membership options at http://mailman.mit.edu/mailman/listinfo/piclist