> 1) There is a standard for the symbols for the three types of ground Yes, and to mean anything, anyone who draws schematics should adhere to them. For example, on the primary side of a transformer use the chassis earth symbol, on the secondary use the signal/ground symbol and indicate whether it/they should be joined to chassis -- http://www.piclist.com PIC/SX FAQ & list archive View/change your membership options at http://mailman.mit.edu/mailman/listinfo/piclist