Some years ago I had the best time programming microchips in assembler and making motors turn and serial connections to my PC, and things like that. The electronics required were very simple. A resistor here and there (with a guess at the value) to connect LED's. I couldn't continue because where I live now doesn't have the space for me to have a place to work. I still have the passion though. This is quite obvious to you, but it's taken me a LONG time to realize. Electronics is difficult and requires a lot of training, knowledge of many things including the math, and experience. You don't just learn the basics and expect to understand and design circuits. I have an excuse, though it may be lame. Since I was young and up to now I've read books about electronics. They all explain the different components - resistors, capacitors, diodes, transistors, etc. - and how they work with nice diagrams showing the flow of electrons and so on. Like the Mimms book. Some of the books have some sample circuits to put together. And all along I assumed all I had to do was understand what these books told me and I would understand everything I needed to know about electronics. I've recently realized how ignorant an assumption that was. I've been working with computers for over 25 years and when I started I only knew a fraction of what I know now, and even now I only know a fraction of what there is to know. Why I thought electronics was different I don't know. I think it was because I missed that chapter in all the beginner books I read. Olin was very kind to try to help me understand, but unfortunately I wasn't ready. I really appreciate his kindness, though. Hopefully some day I'll get back into it. In the meantime I'm happy just to lurk and marvel at the things I don't understand. -Lindy -- http://www.piclist.com PIC/SX FAQ & list archive View/change your membership options at http://mailman.mit.edu/mailman/listinfo/piclist