You might also find the appnote from Measurement Specialties interesting/useful that discusses interfacing to piezo sensors. Pertaining to this, search for the first instance of "protect" in the PDF. You might also find a bazillion other uses for your piezo speaker that you hadn't anticipated... http://www.meas-spec.com/myMeas/download/pdf/english/piezo/Interfacing%20to%20Electronics.pdf regards, -e -- http://www.piclist.com PIC/SX FAQ & list archive View/change your membership options at http://mailman.mit.edu/mailman/listinfo/piclist