> I've also heard that insert favourite subject here > evolution ** > is just a theory. That concept is called "science". I know you know this, but any time you hew to a favourite concept or theory or whatever within an observational system as if it were immutable and beyond error, you set yourself up for a fall.* Some very very very obvious 'facts' have proved not to be so. At least as far as we can now tell from latest observations :-). My regular exemplar is the current flavour of the decades 'plate tectonics' which replaced an equally obvious system so thoroughly that about nobody now realises that it used to be taken seriously only 'a few' decades back. (For increasing values of few). Francis Crick (you may have heard of him and his colleague James Watson)( :-) ) wrote a book ("Life Itself") explaining that "directed panspermia" was by far the most probable explanation for life as we know it because the prospect of life having arisen "here" was so utterly small as to be functionally non-existent. IMHO it's a terribly written book, but the fact that one of the two kings of the art saw fit to write it to add support to what was not an original theory in his own hallowed area should tell you something. Or several things. But 'panspermia' is essentially utterly derided as an alternative to "home made" with no good basis that I am aware of. It does not of course solve the problem of the prigin of life - just moves it somewhere else. But somewhere else is sure to be better than here (or else), as you'll be aware if you've ever checked your sources. > Check your sources. Check your sources. Russell * Yes. I'm aware of the opportunities for response that that provides :-) ** " ... " needs to be well defined for this to be a useful observation. "Natural selection" is a scientifically well demonstrated phenomenon. "Speciation" is the crunch point and the battle ground. Agreeing on the former allows the decks to be cleared for dealing with the latter. -- http://www.piclist.com PIC/SX FAQ & list archive View/change your membership options at http://mailman.mit.edu/mailman/listinfo/piclist