> What additional circuitry is on a PLC input that makes it "hardened" and > thereby more suitable for use in an industrial environment than a bare > microcontroller? Circuits vary, but some of the things they have are: Low impedance to prevent false triggering, plus good filtering. Over voltage and reverse voltage protection. Often optocoupling for isolation and decoupling of electrical noise. Defined threshold voltages. Also not to be overlooked - good debounce software in the micro. -- Brent Brown, Electronic Design Solutions 16 English Street, St Andrews, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand Ph: +64 7 849 0069 Fax: +64 7 849 0071 Cell: +64 27 433 4069 eMail: brent.brown@clear.net.nz -- http://www.piclist.com PIC/SX FAQ & list archive View/change your membership options at http://mailman.mit.edu/mailman/listinfo/piclist