> >> Assembler is not really a "language" as it's own name imply > This is quite true, No. Not true at all :-). Lack of generality doesn't make a language not a language - it just smakes it a specialist one. The thing which makes it very very sharp is what also makes it less portable, and vice versa. HLL's are to a variable extent machine dependent and the H'er the L the less so. To achieve this the differences may need to be accomodated inside the language where the user camn't see them than outside where the user can twiddle the knobs. Assembler is the ultimate HLL, but all the exceptions are carried in the user's brain rather than in the compiler writer's brain. The ultimatenon-language is acually "above" assembler in position 0 - ie han writing machine code - try it, you won't like it :-). Long long long ago I spent a happy few years doing just that, as no assembler (let alone compiler) was usefully available at an accessible price. An interesting grounding in microprocessors was thereby provided, but it's not something I'd ever care to do again. Fortunately the processor used, the Motorola 6800, was *FAR* more amenable to this treatment as it grouped bits in related fields adjacently rather than sprinkling them all over the command word as some do, and it had a reasonably well ordered instruction set. Doing the same thing with most other microprocessors would be substantially harder. As it is I could probably still write some 6800 code from memory :-). Russell -- http://www.piclist.com PIC/SX FAQ & list archive View/change your membership options at http://mailman.mit.edu/mailman/listinfo/piclist