>> Burning a candle or gas flame or wood or paper in a sealed >> container may provide some guide to this > You'd be aware of how charcoal is/was made, and how oxygen- > starved fires smoulder, and erupt causing flashbacks when a door > or window is opened Indeed. I'd imagine that a wad of paper with easy air access over all surfaces would burn freely at first and then at a lesser rate as oxygen availability decreased. Whether there was a reasonably sudden extinction of free flame would be of interest. AFAIK formal charcoal making relies on thermal decomposition as much as or even without combustion per se. Russell -- http://www.piclist.com PIC/SX FAQ & list archive View/change your membership options at http://mailman.mit.edu/mailman/listinfo/piclist