> The op amp output is A*(Vni - Vi) where A is the open loop gain of the > chip, Vni is the voltage on the non-inverting input, and Vi is the voltage > on the inverting input. As A gets very large, to get a finite output > voltage, Vni-Vi has to approach zero. The "difference between the > inverting and non-inverting inputs" is which input voltage is subtracted > from which. To get a positive output, Vni > Ni , though this difference > may be in the millivolts or microvolts. For a negative output, Vni < Vi > > Harold Harold, (assuming this was directed at me), of course I understand that NOW. But in my first semester of circuits, no one mentioned that - everyone always said "just assume they're at the same voltage at all times". - Marcel -- http://www.piclist.com PIC/SX FAQ & list archive View/change your membership options at http://mailman.mit.edu/mailman/listinfo/piclist