>As an exercise Olin kindly gave me a circuit to try to analyze. Here is >what I can find in sub circuit R2, D3, C2, Q1. > --- stuff delteted --- Lindy, It seems Olin is just about to snap (and rightly so). Stop thrashing around with this. Look only at the little bitty part he ask you to look at. If it helps, draw it on a separate sheet of paper. The Art of Electronics is a thick book but you don't need to read all of it at once. Get through chapter one, understand the basics there. Chapters 1-4 should be read in sequence. After that you can jump around in the book. But chapter one should get you what you need to understand a voltage source, a resistor and a zener diode. If you can find a copy of the paper-back student's manual to accompany AOE, get a copy of that too. It has some good hands-on experiments and extra material that had to be left out of the book. Rob -- http://www.piclist.com PIC/SX FAQ & list archive View/change your membership options at http://mailman.mit.edu/mailman/listinfo/piclist