>the issue you are having with the LM324's output stage is probablly >crossover distortion as the output stage switches between sourcing >and sinking current. you can eliminate this by putting a resistor >to the negative supply rail so that no matter what the output >voltage it is always sourcing current. I first came across this problem when attempting to use a 741 as a headphone amplifier, about 30 years ago. A 1k resistor from output to negative supply fixed it. -- http://www.piclist.com PIC/SX FAQ & list archive View/change your membership options at http://mailman.mit.edu/mailman/listinfo/piclist