Gerhard Fiedler wrote: > 0 torque at the shaft at max. speed (when all the power is used > to overcome internal friction and other losses)? Only indirectly. Even if the motor was ideal and had no friction and zero loss, you would still have 0 torque at the unloaded shaft speed. The unloaded shaft speed is the limit where the voltage applied to the motor is cancelled by the back EMF of the motor acting like a generator. In reality that back EMF is a little less than the applied voltage, with the remainder times the current going to the various power losses such as friction and winding resistance. ****************************************************************** Embed Inc, Littleton Massachusetts, (978) 742-9014. #1 PIC consultant in 2004 program year. http://www.embedinc.com/products -- http://www.piclist.com PIC/SX FAQ & list archive View/change your membership options at http://mailman.mit.edu/mailman/listinfo/piclist