> How do you ... > 2. Calculate how much energy comes from a backfiring engine so I can > accurately size a starter bearing. I'd have thought that the energy in an optimum induction charge would be in the order of maximum - unless you are eg firing unburnt exhausted gases in the muffler. Max energy with hydrocarbon fuels is going to be *APPROXIMATELY* 25 to 50 MJ/kg of charge depending on the fuel. Russell McMahon -- http://www.piclist.com PIC/SX FAQ & list archive View/change your membership options at http://mailman.mit.edu/mailman/listinfo/piclist