I got interested in electronics when I was 5 which would have been 1956. My father was a science teacher at the time and I had uncles and aunts that worked for Southwestern Bell Telephone. I knew that the neatest thing in the entire world was to do stuff with electricity. Nothing else quite hit the spot like hooking up something and making it work. Sure, I tore up a lot of perfectly good stuff and sometimes got shocked, although not often, but the point is that that is part of the learning process. I am just as interested to read historical accounts of the early pioneers in electronics. One of the issues of "Newsweek," which I think was October 11 of 2004, contains a story about Thomas Edison's quest to make a light bulb that worked. He was originally using platinum for the filament and he, one day, invited a bunch of investors to his lab to show him where their money was going. They snuffed out all the lamps in a darkened room and Edison had an assistant turn up a rheostat connected to ten bulbs in series powered by a storage battery bank. Someone described seeing each filament glowing orange and getting brighter as the current increased while Edison urged, "more juice!" Next, the account says that one of the bulbs suddenly began to give off a bright point of light like a star coming out and then the filament audibly popped and the room was plunged back in to darkness. They quickly brought a new bulb and tried again. Another lamp opened up and so forth. The story says that Edison and his associates had to do some fast talking to avoid a mutiny of the investors. Good for us that platinum didn't exactly work. It was apparently dangerous to work with as well as extremely expensive even then. The article also notes that what Edison did that was truly amazing was to devise the first electric power distribution system. He had to design everything from ways of metering power to safety features to prevent electrocution and fires. This was probably the biggest contribution since the electric light bulb was much more useful when there was a whole power infrastructure to light it. Martin McCormick WB5AGZ Stillwater, OK Systems Engineer OSU Information Technology Department Network Operations Group -- http://www.piclist.com PIC/SX FAQ & list archive View/change your membership options at http://mailman.mit.edu/mailman/listinfo/piclist