Russell McMahon wrote: > I have just designed a circuit with a small signal PNP bipolar > transistor with a forced Beta of about 0.5. > > Suggest why? Basically, your question comes down to "why would I use way more base current then necessary to saturate the transistor?". One reason that comes to mind is that the extra base current is just a byproduct of wanting a low value base resistor to allow for higher switching speed. There are also some common base configurations where base current can exceed collector current over normal operating parameters. We could sit here and list more, but that seems rather pointless idle speculation as you've given no information which one of the many reasons might be the one that actually applied in your case. ****************************************************************** Embed Inc, Littleton Massachusetts, (978) 742-9014. #1 PIC consultant in 2004 program year. http://www.embedinc.com/products -- http://www.piclist.com PIC/SX FAQ & list archive View/change your membership options at http://mailman.mit.edu/mailman/listinfo/piclist