Vasile Surducan wrote: >> You can see it on page two of the schematic at >> http://www.embedinc.com/products/qprot01/qprot2.pdf. > > sheet2/7 from this design it's a very good prove about what is > happening if a good software PIC programmer is designing hardware... Actually I'm a hardware designer that does a lot of software/firmware too. > Take a critical look to the Q6, Q4 and Q2 and see the redudancy. I looked at it sideways, upside down, and inside out and I don't see redundancy. These three transistors together take the ground-referenced GP2 PIC output and cause it to drive the gate of the high side FET Q3. In other words, they form a high side FET driver. The 0-5V PIC output drives the base of Q6. R9 on the emitter causes the collector of Q6 to act like a switchable current sink. Assume Q6 has a 700mV B-E drop, then the emitter current will be (5.0V - 700mv) / 750ohms = 5.7mA. Q6 has pretty decent gain, so this is basically the current that will be sunk by its collector when the PIC pin is high. This current causes a voltage accross R4, which is 2Kohms. 5.7mA x 2Kohms = 11.5V. So the bottom end of R4 will be at the input supply rail when the PIC GP2 output is low, and 11.5V below that rail when the PIC output is high. Q2 and Q4 are both emitter followers. These provide much higher current drive for the signal on the low side of R4. This lower impedence signal drives the gate of Q3. The reason for lowering the impedence from 2Kohms to about 20-40 ohms is to overcome the considerable effective capacitance of the FET gate quickly. A little voltage is lost in the process, but the FET gate will still be driven with about 11V, which is plenty to solidly turn on that FET. R5 is there to make sure the FET is off on startup and to eventually bring the FET gate to 0 (with respect to the FET source) when nothing is going on. C11 on the emitter of Q6 sharpens the edges of the current sink. When the PIC output goes high, the emitter current is much higher than the 5.7mA steady state for a short time. This is just enough time at higher current to overcome the other capacitances on R4 and the bases of Q2 and Q4 and the wiring to bring the bottom side of R4 to its on level quickly. Once there the steady state current thru R9 takes over and maintains it there. The 100pF value of C11 was determined experimentally since it is impossible to calculate all the parasitic capacitance effects. C11 also helps at turn off. Bipolar transistors are slowest at turning off since charge lingers in the base until used up by causing collector current. When the PIC output is brought low, the B-E junction is actually reversed biased for a very short time causing some of the base charge to be actively sucked out turning the transistor off quickly. Do you still think Q6, Q4, and Q2 are redundant? If so, show me an alternative for a low side PIC to drive a high side P-channel FET gate. ****************************************************************** Embed Inc, Littleton Massachusetts, (978) 742-9014. #1 PIC consultant in 2004 program year. http://www.embedinc.com/products -- http://www.piclist.com PIC/SX FAQ & list archive View/change your membership options at http://mailman.mit.edu/mailman/listinfo/piclist