Initially 'industrial design' implied victorian columns and decorations and later more of the same but in art deco style. The real 'industrial design' started when mass production and price pressure caused makers to try to make something cheap and ugly not so ugly. This resulted in the famous minimalist designs of consumer goods from the 1920s and 1930s on. The tradition lives on today and usually when you say inductrial design today you are talking about a piece of machinery or equipment that was shaped and colored and textured such that it is pleasing to the human user or onlooker, but with a minimum possible expense in labor and materials. This is the way I know it. Peter -- http://www.piclist.com PIC/SX FAQ & list archive View/change your membership options at http://mailman.mit.edu/mailman/listinfo/piclist