Just in case you wanted some references to the subject of DC electrical grid interconnections... A decent overview, a little history and some good links can be found on the Wikipedia entry: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_voltage_direct_current Allen Bradley supplies most of the hardware for these systems (at least here in the USA), they have some decent material at: http://www.abb.com/global/abbzh/abbzh251.nsf!OpenDatabase&db=/global/gad/gad02181.nsf&v=17EA&e=us&m=100A&c=D7779A6F38FCBDC0C1256F9D0046D2B0 Basically they're used anywhere they can be financially justified. Install can be cheaper because the conductors are sized smaller. (AC conductors must be sized for peak current, but only deliver RMS power - DC doesn't) And long term can be cheaper due to capacitive losses in AC lines. (think of long underground runs...) And of coarse what could be the biggest benefit, the ability to interconnect unsynchronized electrical grids. -Denny -- http://www.piclist.com PIC/SX FAQ & list archive View/change your membership options at http://mailman.mit.edu/mailman/listinfo/piclist