Here we have several strong willed people (N against 1 - not usually very fair) with good ideas talking past each other, failing to understand what the other person has said, missing the good points the other has offered, being gratuitously rude to each other, incorrectly criticising technical input from the other person and generally having a good time. Why not start again and try a little harder. All can learn from this technically ( if not socially :-) ) Bob may yet learn that SMPS is not a total swear word and that what he is proposing has SOME similarities. And 'we all' may realise that Bob is proposing a not new but less familiar technique which may be very useful on occasion and which is being used extremely successfully in some large real world applications. A confusion is that bob has used the term "phase control" consistently when it's not phase control as our mothers understood the term. The method simply consists of PWMing an input (usually mains) 50/60 Hz AC waveform so that its amplitude is effectively reduced. The reduction is NOT achieved by converting to DC and then using high frequency Ac to reconstitute the waveform. There is no intentional flyback or energy storage at high frequency in the following transformer. The chopped AC is either filtered before it gets to the mains transformer OR the chopping rate is such that the transformer does not "see" the high frequency as the transformer acts as part of an low pass filter. There will be some issues with transformer response to high frequency components and back of envelope thinking suggests that there MAY be a need for some active flyback switching but the idea has merit and does overcome a number of issues not well addressed by other means. There is NO switching at the output side of the mains transformer and the output can see smooth sinusoidal 50/60 Hz AC if desired. Power factor is excellent. The alternative to everyone starting again is that sooner or later (probably sooner) James gets mad and bangs some heads together. There have been "faults" all round. Why not try again with the extra information and understanding niow available? Russell McMahon -- http://www.piclist.com PIC/SX FAQ & list archive View/change your membership options at http://mailman.mit.edu/mailman/listinfo/piclist