Hmm... my perspective on this: Relevant parts: "Radiation danger is high" "Funds that should be spent on health, cancer, AIDS, taking our name off that doomsday rock, or a dozen less risky robotic space missions must be spent on a single, high profile, high risk wild ride with no added benefits." "A huge media event with no scientific benefit" What you seem to be missing is that the same way that unmanned missions contribute to research in robotics etc, manned missions have benefitted the medical field too. Maybe you see the electronics progress because of your specialization, but (going to med school after finishing a physics BS) I can tell you research on the radiation levels humans are exposed to, and the effect of 0g on bone tissue is extremely relevant in cancer and osteoporosis research. Eg., the dean of my dept. has been simulating energy deposition by radiation on tissue, to determine possible effects of long term exposure to solar radiation outside Earth's magnetic field, but the research is being used in Japan to develop newer particle accelerators that have much better dE/dx characteristics for radiotherapy. And the list of spin-offs goes on and on... ('memory' metal, used for wires in braces (dental), and now also to build 'flexible' glass frames was developed by the Apollo project). And this obviously doesn't include the long list of medical research done by humans in LEO (since we are restricting ourselves to 'exploration' missions). As for making it a huge media event/cowboy space trips: this comes down to the fact that ultimately it is the taxpayers that pay for it, and a big mission with heroes goes a lot further in justifying expense that a dry list of indirect technologies developed by aerospace R&D. Overall, I think NASA is doing a pretty good job at balancing manned vs. unmanned; although a steadily decreasing budget, Columbia, and administrative problems has forced it to favor the latter... My turn to get off the soapbox. Alex -- http://www.piclist.com PIC/SX FAQ & list archive View/change your membership options at http://mailman.mit.edu/mailman/listinfo/piclist