Most current drams do column refresh when /RAS is asserted, regardless whether /CAS and /WR are asserted later (i.e. read and write cycles will refresh rows). Then there is the good question of how wide the row is. It could be 128 (rare), 256 (most), or 512. Peter -- http://www.piclist.com hint: The PICList is archived three different ways. See http://www.piclist.com/#archives for details.