Lindy Mayfield wrote... >How can something be both AC and DC at the same time? Ummm... instead of asking how can something "be" both AC and DC at the same time, ask how a voltage source can have both AC and DC components at the same time. The answer is: easy- the components simply add. I don't know how to express it any other way. Do you have access to an oscilloscope, so you can actually watch the voltages in a circuit (like a PIC's PWM) as they change with time? I think this is one of those cases where a picture is worth well more than a thousand words. I think you'd understand it all in a millisecond, if only you could see it in action. Dave D. -- http://www.piclist.com#nomail Going offline? Don't AutoReply us! email listserv@mitvma.mit.edu with SET PICList DIGEST in the body