A simple way to analyze op amp circuits is to take advantage of the fact that in an op amp negative feedback circuit, the differential input voltage is ideally zero. I call this the "Theory of the Happy Op Amp." Generally, you can determine the voltage at the non-inverting input and assume the voltage at the inverting input is the same, then analyze the rest of the circuit using Ohm's Law based on that assumption. A sample of using this technique (analysis of an instrumentation amplifier) is at http://kauko.hallikainen.org/cuesta/et113/InstrumentationAmpAnalysis.pdf Harold -- FCC Rules Online at http://www.hallikainen.com -- http://www.piclist.com#nomail Going offline? Don't AutoReply us! email listserv@mitvma.mit.edu with SET PICList DIGEST in the body