Keep an eye on newer DC DC converter ICs which are claiming efficiencies well above what has traditionally be achieved. Also be aware that these claims are liable to be under carefully specified conditions :-) Of especial interest to me are ICs which opertae on as little as a single flat AA alkaline cell (0.7v) with peak efficiencies of up to 96% claimed. (!) eg from Linear Technology. AFAIK the following all allow 0.7V to 4.2V Vin LTC3400 95% ThinSOT synchronous boost. Vout = 5V at 300 mA LTC3440 buck boost. 96% MSOP 3.3V at 600 mA LTC3405 Synchronous boost 95% Thin SOT 1.8V @ 300 mA I suspect that the synchronous rectification is the key enabling technology here. Several versions available from Digikey. None cheap. From about $US3.50 up in small quantities. RM -- http://www.piclist.com hint: PICList Posts must start with ONE topic: [PIC]:,[SX]:,[AVR]: ->uP ONLY! [EE]:,[OT]: ->Other [BUY]:,[AD]: ->Ads