Guys, Thanks for the help. I am still a "newbie" to op-amps and analog in general. How would you go about figuring out the reference voltage that is required for any given application? I looked in my textbook and it doesn't cover anything about this subject. Suppose I had the following requirements: +0.6V to +1.2V (voltage is variable) as input, I need an op-amp to give me an output swing of +10V (when input is +0.6V) to +0.3V (when input is +1.2V). Would you then figure out the gain of the circuit then use an offset as needed, if so how would you figure out how you find what offset is needed? I appreciate your help and patience. Thanks. Steve --------------------------------- Do you Yahoo!? Yahoo! Finance: Get your refund fast by filing online -- http://www.piclist.com hint: PICList Posts must start with ONE topic: [PIC]:,[SX]:,[AVR]: ->uP ONLY! [EE]:,[OT]: ->Other [BUY]:,[AD]: ->Ads