Scott Dattalo writes: >Long answer: > >http://www.dattalo.com/technical/theory/sqwave.html Many thanks to all who responded. The "long answer" at Scott Dattalo's site is quite thought-provoking although I will have to study it over a period of time as it has been almost twenty years since I took what we called Technical Calculous, here so that part of my brain is a bit rusty. It is a wonderful thing, however, to be able to mathematically explain real-world behavior because that is how people come up with "magic sine waves" and other neat solutions to seemingly intractable problems. The theory discussion kind of reminds me of a method of calibrating the frequency deviation of a FM radio transmitter using Bessel Functions. The idea is that at a given deviation (modulation) frequency, the side bands will cancel out the center carrier when the deviation level is set to the correct value for the function. I confess that I know it as, "for 5 KHZ deviation, you set the audio sine-wave generator to whatever the function says it should be and then turn the deviation level up and down until the center carrier nulls out." In other words, I don't presently know how to compute Bessel Functions, but only know that there is a procedure one can use to set a transmitter's deviation level accurately with only a scope and an accurate audio signal generator. Also, thanks to all for answering my original question. Martin McCormick WB5AGZ Stillwater, OK OSU Information Technology Division Network Operations Group -- http://www.piclist.com hint: To leave the PICList mailto:piclist-unsubscribe-request@mitvma.mit.edu